From Paper Fibers to Content Streams: Evolving FDE Methodology for the Digital Era
The Examiner, Third Quarter 2026 · Vol. 13, Issue 3 · safeforensics.org
As disputed documents increasingly arrive as digital files rather than paper, the examiner's mindset must extend beneath the visible page — to object structure, fonts and content streams, timestamps and revision information — and to the coming challenge of AI-generated handwriting and signatures.
“I recently attended a presentation by Celeste Makoff of DeepData Forensics on the examination of PDF ‘deep metadata.’ Her presentation was, for me, an absolute wake-up call.” — Ron Lawrence, FHDERead the article